No Sources, No History
Posted: Wed Oct 16, 2024 10:24 pm
I'm replying to this here as it raises a problem of comprehension of how history is conventionally written, one that has been serially misinterpreted and misrepresented by several generations of 'revisionists'.Callafangers wrote: ↑Tue Oct 15, 2024 10:15 pm I have literally just started perusing these documents individually and the very first one I click on to expand and read in more detail fascinates me:
Do you know why this document fascinates me? It is because it serves as a documented proof of the extent that documents regarding this economic operation (explicitly written here in an economic context) were destroyed as a general practice.1944-01-05 Letter from Globocnik to Himmler on Operation Reinhard (Aktion Reinhard): “the documents of all other works in this matter have already been destroyed”
Introduction
In a letter dated January 5, 1944, the Higher SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik, addressed Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler regarding the economic settlement of Operation Reinhardt (Aktion Reinhard). The letter was submitted in response to Himmler’s order from September 22, 1943, which requested its completion by December 31, 1943. He outlined the two-part structure of the accounting of the “economic part of Operation Reinhardt… a) accounting and delivery of confiscated valuables and b) accounting of values generated from labor”. Globocnik also stressed that “With the entire accounting of Reinhardt, it must also be noted that their documents must be destroyed as soon as possible since the documents of all other works in this matter have already been destroyed.”
This highlights the absurdity of the 'where did they go?' position and argument so often put forth by exterminationists about Jews transited via AR camps. "Where did they go?" is a very silly question when we know where the documents tracking their destinations went: directly into a furnace.
Germany destroyed their records, as often did the Soviets, just as we have every reason to believe was also done by other Allied powers (of 'inconvenient' German records). And with this massive inferno of documentation taking place, 'exterminationists' (who still control the archives) have the audacity to tell Revisionists (who are largely prohibited from the archives) they must document 'where Jews went', else they were 'gassed'.
The thread title 'no sources, no history' is a riff on the classic Langlois-Seignobos adage 'no documents, no history', in their method manual of over 120 years ago in French, rapidly translated to English. Robert Faurisson took a narrow definition of documents to misrepresent this adage, when reading the actual Langlois-Seignobos text found that they were frequently discussing testimonial-type sources, hearsay and indirect accounts of the kinds which are quite typical for ancient and medieval history.
To write history and make historical claims, one needs sources. If these are few and far between, as for many eras of ancient and medieval history, there is greater room for speculation because of the innumerable gaps in the record. Time is an information-destroying process, observed one philosopher of pre-history. But the sparseness of the ancient and early medieval record is why it's also a playground for pseudohistorians and pseudoarchaeologists, who have an even bigger field day with pre-history before the advent of writing. The hallmark of pseudohistory is excessive speculation and the pyramiding (pun intended) of possibility into probability and eventually certainty. It thrives on mystery-mongering and requires its credulous readers and writers to overlook how rapidly they transformed a possibility into absolute certainty in their mindss.
The type of sources used to write history is entirely dependent on what has survived. Whichever sources have survived of whatever kind = the historical record. Events in history can be likened to stones thrown into a pond and leave ripples in time and space. Historians prefer sources closest to the events in time and space, but this does not privilege a newspaper article written on the basis of no direct reporting several thousand miles away over a direct eyewitness leaving a testimony years later.
Both have to be evaluated critically - the eyewitness could be seeking fame and attention (and maybe fortune) by claiming to have been the second gunman on the Grassy Knoll, for example. One cannot rule out entire categories of sources a priori on the basis of prejudice. Philosophers deem that to be 'epistemic injustice' - it has been enshrined in legal systems devaluing the eyewitness testimony of women, slaves and minorities over men. The simple fact is that the greater part of historical evidence is intentional - in ultimately testimonial form or a personal account. This also tends to be far more vivid and interesting than dull business records, but when one can combine testimonies, contemporary sources of all kinds and receipts and invoices, one can have a very powerful combination.
Faurisson and other 'revisionists' like Mattogno cued off the post-Nuremberg emphasis on captured German documents to reframe 'documents' to mean exclusively German documents. From the perspective of conventional historians of the modern era as a whole, this is pure nonsense. 'Documents' in this sense would conventionally mean contemporary records from all perspectives and provenances. One must distinguish between official/business records and contemporary unofficial documents such as diaries and letters. The latter are also considered personal accounts or ego documents, but they remain contemporary sources.
Several generations on from Nuremberg, contemporary non-German documents are a standard feature of writing the history of WWII in Europe. It can hardly be otherwise: one cannot a priori deny the relevance of such sources with a sweeping handwave about 'propaganda' when many were confidential and 'official' or representative of organisations. This goes as much for contemporary Jewish sources as contemporary Polish, Soviet, Dutch, French, Swiss, Swedish and Vatican sources, or contemporary Romanian, Hungarian, Italian, Slovakian and Croatian sources. Axis and neutral sources complement sources from occupied nations as well as the allies, alongside the German sources.
The 'triangulation' one can do with this - more like a multi-cam effort - helps one overcome gaps and silences in the other perspective's records, but very often also simply expands the range of sources and volume of evidence, onto which one can then add later testimonies, physical-forensic investigations and the like.
German and Italian confidential sources - often diplomatic reports but also intelligence records - record mass killings by Axis allies such as the independent state of Croatia (especially the ethnic cleansings of Serbs, Roma and Jews in 1941) and Romania (eg an Abwehr report on the Odesa massacre at the end of October 1941).
This is not in principle different to the extensive documentation of the Armenian genocide in the records of the Central Powers of Germany and the Habsburg Monarchy which has been used to complement the extant but limited (restricted, destroyed) Ottoman records and those of neutrals, NGOs/relief organisations and Armenian survivors.
Perpetrators of mass atrocities as well as ongoing repression have a propensity to engage in cover-ups of various kinds; they refrain from documenting everything, sometimes use euphemisms when they do document things, leave paper trails incomplete, and they destroy records. This is known from the end of apartheid in South Africa (most police records were destroyed, increasing the significance of subsequent testimonies whether to the TRC or oral historians today), from the end of the war in the Pacific when most Japanese military records were apparently destroyed, and indeed from the widespread but incomplete destruction of German records in 1944-45.
In the case of Japanese atrocities, a famous attempt to seek evidence to deny the Nanjing massacre of late 1937 backfired rather spectacularly when an appeal for soldiers' diaries and letters in the early 1980s brought forward a variety of diaries documenting the killings in gruesome detail. The dearth of official Japanese reports that survived past 1945 did not prevent unofficial Japanese personal accounts from surviving, nor could it prevent the diaries of bystanders/neutrals like John Rabe from surviving.
The German case is much less forbidding than the Japanese example since so many institutions, agencies and units were operating in the same regions as each other. Thus, the Wehrmacht records of the military commander in the Government-General were recognised by the 1960s as a valuable supplementary source for chronicling the Final Solution in Poland. As Jewish policy was not their main task, there were variations in how subordinate commands reported on this, and limits to their knowledge, but the military's reports and war diaries still noted the effects of deportation actions and also famously noted that Ortskommandantur Ostrow "informs that the Jews in Treblinka are not adequately buried and that, as a result, an unbearable body stench befouls the air."
https://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-his ... ka-graves/
There are many German agencies whose direct records were severely reduced by deliberate destruction and which have been reconstructed from surviving circulars, letters and cc-ed reports found in the files of other agencies. This applies to SSPF Lublin's Aktion Reinhardt operation in particular. There are a range of surviving files from SSPF Lublin and its subordinate branches, but most documents referencing Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka were found in other agencies' files or were preserved serendipitously, as with the train timetables, waybills and other railway records saved by Franciszek Zabecki. Further documents on transports to the three camps have been found in
- files of the Haupteisenbahndirektion Mitte, archived in Minsk
- files of the Vienna city police
- files of the Slovakian Jewish council and Slovak government
- files of Police Battalion 133 stationed in Eastern Galicia
- the papers of Personalstab Reichsfuehrer-SS (eg the Wolff-Ganzenmueller exchange)
- a Romanian file regarding transport planning conference
These records are manifestly incomplete. However, there are no direct sources from the sites regarding 'onward transit' out of the Government-General from the Reinhard camps: no survivor accounts, no eyewitnesses describing onward transit, no eyewitnesses regarding arrivals of transports from the Reinhard camps anywhere else, no reports and no official or unofficial documents from regions outside the GG which confirm onward transit.
Records for both the GG and the occupied Soviet territories exist from diverse agencies - military, civil administration, economic, SS/Police - at multiple levels of the chain of command, alongside Berlin ministries and agencies receiving reports on developments in the 'east' or preserving inspection reports and visits. Thus one can find records at
- Berlin-central level
- regional level (GG, Ostland, RK Ukraine, army groups)
- provincial level (Lublin district, Generalkommissariate like Litauen, Weissruthenien)
- district level (Kreise and Gebietskommissare) and municipal level (Stadtkreise and Stadkommisssare) down to even more local levels (Soviet raiony) in some cases
These include for example monthly reports from the Reichskommissariat Ukraine preserved within caches of documents captured in Ukraine and now archived in Kyiv, which far outnumber the 55 files of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine archived in Berlin (R 94). That figure can be compared with the 317 files of the armaments inspectorates for the Ostland and Ukraine in Freiburg (RW 30). The RK Ukraine files do include however a complete run of reports for the Brest-Litovsk district, at the westernmost edge of the region, which document the existence of the ghetto there and its destruction in October 1942 with explicit language. Provincial archives in Belarus further yield name lists for the Brest ghetto as well as the neighbouring Pinsk ghetto.
Gaps in this mesh of records certainly exist, but one cannot adopt a god-of-the-gaps strategy of merely hypothesising or inferring that something existed in these gaps without other direct evidence. The refrain of pointing to known destructions of records doesn't magically transform speculations into proof.
The claim 'absence of evidence is not evidence of absence' is often heard in relation to only one type or category of evidence, or one particular perspective or institution.
But that is a reminder that other types of evidence may not be absent, nor may there be an absence of reporting from other perspectives.
The most superabundant form of evidence for the WWII era is testimony; there were numerous opportunities for people who lived through this era to record their experiences or be interviewed, not just within war crimes investigations and not solely within one state or one side of the Iron Curtain. Examples would include
- the Ostdokumentation, with 30,000 accounts, some of which relate to the GG and occupied Soviet territories
- the Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, with many interviews with emigres/refugees from Soviet Ukraine who experienced Soviet rule and the wartime occupation, but who landed in the west
- the statements of 30,000 Poles and some Polish Jews who were exiled in 1940-41 and allowed out via Iran, recorded by the Anders Army and Polish government-in-exile
While the latter would be irrelevant to the Nazi occupation of the Soviet Union in 1941-44, the size of the effort is a good example of the piles that were accumulated regarding the war. The other examples certainly do include accounts of the occupation, and ones which are independent of a Soviet perspective.
On top of these, there is quite the range of diaries and memoirs from Germans who served in the 'east', travelling to and from the Eastern Front or being stationed well behind it, as well as other caches, such as interrogation reports of German servicemen who deserted to Switzerland. Collections of field post letters are numerous in Germany, and again include letters from those stationed well behind the front. More will be forthcoming from attics and garages over time, as families sort through the personal papers of great-grandparents and grandparents, while archives hold many more unpublished examples of diaries, letters and postwar manuscripts/memoirs.
Thus, one can say with considerable confidence that there is currently no evidence of 'resettlement' of Jews in the occupied Soviet territories which has hitherto come to light, whether from the surviving official German records, unofficial and personal German sources, the contemporary reports and documents of non-German observers (Soviet intelligence, partisans, Polish underground, neutral diplomats, Axis allies, the Vatican, etc), or eyewitness accounts of non-Jews, much less any Jewish survivor testimonies.
This is a defeasible statement; evidence can always surface to contradict such an observation. This is true of theoretically anything in history but is especially true for modern history. But the mere possibility that such evidence might be forthcoming is not enough to make any assertion made in the absence of evidence to support it 'historical'. One cannot write the history of something that has no direct historical sources.
All that is left are the indirect sources, i.e. hearsay reports which would be conventionally evaluated as rumours, deceptions, and conflations and confabulations, such as sources from Kaunas adding French Jews to a list of German, Austrian and Czech Jews deported to Lithuania in November 1941 and reported as killed there. Since Jews were not deported from France until March 1942 and then to be registered 100% in Auschwitz, the addition of French Jews to the list is premature and clearly false.
For Polish Jews, sources from the departure end within Poland record claims of destinations in the occupied Soviet territories, but unless there is evidence from the occupied Soviet territories, these must be evaluated as records of German deceptions or as rumours. The reason for this is simple: the same categories of sources also record knowledge of deportations to the Reinhard camps, Chelmno and Auschwitz, and often identify the earlier reports as false, either right there and then or later on when new information appeared. A number of such reports within Poland pointed to destinations which are either seamlessly documented or where 'actions' followed shortly afterwards, making the claims even more implausible (Pinsk, Baranovichi, Grodno)
Thus, the indirect and indistinct reports evaporate on closer inspection and emerge as rumours or their functional equivalent. They are thus on a par with the well-documented rumour of the Nazis turning corpses into soap, which is documented in contemporary sources from both Slovakia and Poland. The lack of direct eyewitness testimony to this practice is one means of distinguishing between 'genuine contemporary false belief' and 'genuine contemporary true belief'. This applies a simple rule of thumb.
The more significant rule of thumbs are 1) preferring the account with direct evidence, and 2) preferring the account with more evidence, direct and indirect (the 'ripple effect').
So one can currently write a history of 'resettlement' as rumour and deception, and fill a whole book on this theme, but the centre of gravity would be in western Europe and only secondarily in central Poland. This would not be a history of actual 'resettlement', which remains an impossibility since there are currently no direct sources to confirm this, and not even sufficient hearsay to start hypothesising on the supposed destinations. Thus, 'resettlement' is not a historical possibility at present: it cannot be written up as history.
By contrast, the history of deportations of Jews in Poland from late 1941 to 1944 can be and has been written up extensively in connection with multiple death camps as well as the histories of a range of labour camps into which a minority were sent or selected, as well as histories of life in hiding in urban and rural environments and the dangers thereof ('Judenjagden'), and in parallel to the history of the destruction of Jewish communities an Ort und Stelle through mass shootings especially in eastern Poland, but also in rare cases through pogroms (eg Jedwabne).