Nazgul wrote: ↑Sat May 17, 2025 2:54 pm
I also noted there were 300 Jewish Labour Camps in Austria for Hungarian Jews at the time when they were alleged to have been sent for gassing at Birkenau. One camps was confirmed by Peter Lantos.
The Austrian historian Eleonore Lappin-Eppel as well as the Hungarian historian Szabolcs Szita have been researching Hungarian Jews in Austria for quite some time, Szabolcz Szita back to at least 1990.
This article by Eleonore Lappin (as she was then) highlights the main cohorts to consider
https://wwv.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Micr ... 203218.pdf
1. Some direct arrests and abductions to prisons from Budapest to Austria immediately after the German occupation of Hungary; 8000 is a number given, but these overlap with non-Jewish Hungarian opposition figures/liberals, some were taken soon to Mauthausen. Not going via Auschwitz.
2. The Strasshof transports to Vienna, numbering 15,000, not going via Auschwitz, scattered around many dozens of 'Wohnlager' and Arbeitslager in the Vienna area primarily, as discussed in a 2015 article by Kinga Frojimovics and Eva Kovacs. Up to 4,000 died according to Randolph Braham, the death registers of the Vienna Jewish community (i.e. privileged mixed-marriages by 1944) records 800 deaths from this group.
http://epa.niif.hu/02400/02460/00013/pd ... 05-736.pdf
3. Transports that had gone from Hungary to Auschwitz then selection, then to Mauthausen, i.e. within the KZ system - 8000 of the 110,000 selected for work at Auschwitz went to KL Mauthausen, from where they might be sent to the sub-camps (Ebensee, Gusen, etc). There were some further evacuation transports from Auschwitz to Mauthausen in January 1945 which included Hungarian Jews alongside other prisoner nationalities.
4. After the end of selections on arrival at Birkenau and the dismantling of the gas chambers, in the wake of the Arrow Cross coup/change of regime, the Hungarians permitted the Germans to take away Hungarian Jews as forced labourers from Budapest; their number ran to 76,000 according to Lappin's article.
These forced labourers were extensively used in constructing field fortifications, which was harsh work, causing extensive mortality - Lappin cites research by Szabolcs Szita on the labour cams in Gau Niederdonau (Lower Danube) indicating a third of the 35,000 Hungarian Jewish forced labourers there died, and that there were typhus outbreaks in Gau Styria triggering executions as a quarantine measure, before retreats in the final weeks sent many more on forced marches which killed yet more of the labour force. Various small-scale massacres took place, including one by a subunit of the 'Wiking' Division.
The use of so many of these forced labourers in constructing field fortifications helps explains the seemingly large number of 'camp sites', since a labour force could be moved according to operational and tactical combat engineering considerations to build new lines. Plus, the Soviet Vienna offensive forced the evacuation of the construction camps along the Austrian border in April 1945.
This pattern is observable also with other systems of Schanzarbeiter digging field fortifications, such as the ZADA civilian labour detachment (Abteilung) system evolved in Army Group Centre in autumn 1943-mid-1944 and recreated in Poland in the battle of the Vistula, also spreading to Army Group North Ukraine before 'Bagration' on 22 June 1944.
There were also semi-mobile subcamp complexes in the Stutthof and Gross-Rosen systems which used Hungarian Jews and Lodz ghetto Jews for construction work, typically housed in barns, which might move, thus creating several 'camp sites' for the exact same labour force.
Significant numbers of the up to 76,000 marched from Budapest to Austria ended up in the Mauthausen complex, it's worth noting that DEGOB does not necessarily identify the labour camps outside the KZ system even when it's obvious from the statement that the survivor was used in this way, e.g. here:
http://degob.org/index.php?showjk=1171 - they ended up in the Mauthausen complex, but had been a ZALfJ worker before then, never having gone anywhere near Auschwitz.
This Austrian compilation from 2022 (217pp) incorporates some of the info from the site currently under maintenance
https://www.bda.gv.at/dam/jcr:f9cf741d- ... 022_BF.pdf
It also usefully links to research projects e.g. for the Burgenland with descriptions of the camps for Hungarian Jews
https://www.forschenunderinnern-burgenl ... erskirchen
Note that the compilation identifies all camps - POW camps, foreign worker camps, etc. Also that it identifies some very small camps with only 100-200 workers. It would be a gross mistake to think that '300 camps' automatically translates into 300,000 inmates.
This seems to be a good starting point for further reading - a 544 page book by Lappin-Eppel from 2010, which is available from the publisher as an ebook for the truly committed.
Eleonore Lappin-Eppel, Ungarisch-Jüdische Zwangsarbeiter und Zwangsarbeiterinnen in Österreich 1944/45. Arbeitseinsatz – Todesmärsche – Folgen. (Austria: Forschung und Wissenschaft, Geschichte, Bd. 3.) Wien/Berlin/Münster, Lit 2010