HansHill wrote: ↑Tue Jan 07, 2025 3:50 pm
The citation is:
Stalin's Defectors - pg 134 of the Oxford 2017 edition.
Interestingly, where he states this, he doesn't offer any citation - thanks for drawing even more attention to this, as it further indicates exactly as I am arguing, that he presents such genocidal arguments as
self evident when they are anything but.
There's a footnote at the end of the relevant paragraph, which is about the recruitment of Trawnikis from Soviet POW camps. So yes he does offer references.
The camp Bukreev now found himself in had been constructed to serve as an SS training ground in woods close to Trawniki, about 35 kilometres outside the Polish town of Lublin. Between September 1941 and June 1944, when both trainers and trainees were evacuated to escape the wrath of the advancing Red Army, just under 5,000 guards (Schutzmannschaften) were trained here in the fine art of SS brutality. After graduation, they served, often with remarkable cruelty, in antipartisan operations, the liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto Rising, and in ‘Operation Reinhard’: the extermination of 1.7 million Jews from the formerly Polish ‘Generalgouvernement’. Trawniki served in all majo extermination camps: Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz, and Majdanek.59
59 - Kudryashov, ‘Ordinary Collaborators’, 227, 229, 231, 232; Konrad Kwiet, ‘Trawniki’, in Lexikon des Holocaust, ed. Wolfgang Benz (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2002), 235–6; Yitzhak Arad, TheHolocaust in the Soviet Union (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009), 274, 585 n. 3; and Black, ‘Foot Soldiers’; Benz, Handlanger, 65–6.
note 52 on the previous p.133 gives the full details of these studies if they were given abbreviated citations (Arad's Holocaust in the Soviet Union was new)
57 On the ‘standard procedure’ of recruitment of Trawniki guards see Sergei Kudryashov, ‘Ordinary Collaborators: The Case of the Travniki Guards’, in Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy. Essays in Honour of John Erickson, ed. Ljubica Erickson and Mark Erickson (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005), 226–39; here: 230; also: David Alan Rich, ‘Reinhard’s Footsoldiers: Soviet Trophy Documents and Investigative Records as Sources’, in Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide, ed. V. John Roth and Elisabeth Maxwell (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), 688–701; here: 690. The most
thorough explorations are Peter Black, ‘Foot Soldiers of the Final Solution: The Trawniki Training Camp and Operation Reinhard’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies 25, no. 1 (2011):1–99; and Angelika Benz, Handlanger der SS. Die Rolle der Trawniki-Männer im Holocaust (Berlin: Metropol Verlag, 2015). On variations to the recruitment procedure see ibid. 70–8.
So there's no lack of references. Edele seems to have taken the figure of 1.7 million from Peter Black's article on the Trawnikis, which then gives a lower figure of 1.5 million in the next paragraph on p.2. But the footnote to the 1.7 million figure references ghetto deportations, which Black goes on to discuss as Trawnikis took part in these as well, while the 1.5 million 'direct' figure references the then-standard literature on the Reinhard camps (Black's article appeared in 2011).
15. For the killing centers and deportations, see Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka:The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); Ru¨ckerl, NS-Vernichtungslager, 132–242. Only Sobibor has a solid historical monograph: Jules Schelvis, Sobibor: A History of a Death Camp (Oxford: Berg in association with the
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2007). For Treblinka 2, see Jacek Młynarczyk, “Treblinka—Ein Todeslager der ‘Aktion Reinhardt,’” in Musial, Vo¨lkermord, 257–81; for Belzec, see Michael Tregenza, “Belzec—Das vergessene Lager des Holocausts,” Jahrbuch des Fritz-Bauer-Instituts (2000): 241–67.
So we rapidly find Arad 1987, a widely cited reference whose conclusion uses the 1.7 million figure and presented data on deportations in appendices citing also commonly cited overview articles on the regions of the Government-General. Arad 1987 has at least 486 citations according to Google Scholar (likely a slight underestimate, but this fits well with how often I've seen it cited)
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=e ... inka&btnG=
I would not consider this 'self evident' since the referencing swiftly connects via the literature on Trawnikis to the literature on the Reinhard camps, which in turn cites and discusses the key trial judgements and Polish investigation reports from 1945. (Note that Black also cites Rueckerl.)
It is an entirely unreasonable expectation to rehash an adjacent topic (how many died in the Reinhard camps) in a book which is only peripherally connected to the Reinhard camps; Edele cited most of the key studies of the Trawnikis (but missed a few more) which was his real subject. He could have cited Sara Berger's 2013 book Experten der Vernichtung, which recalculated deportations in the wake of further regional studies and the discovery of the Hoefle telegram, offering a figure of 1.6 million in the conclusion (p.387). If he had written a whole chapter on the Trawnikis instead of a few pages I would have expected him to have cited Berger, that's all.
Citing references and using someone else's calculations is not an 'appeal to authority' or 'appeal to consensus' or 'circular reasoning'. It is quite clearly standard practice, since the same mechanism can be observed with every other case of mass death discussed in scholarship or summarised on Wikipedia.
The estimate ranges for such mass fatalities can be quite drastic, and one soon realises surveying Wikipedia as well as secondary literature and tertiary sources (encyclopedias) that some of the figures bandied about are even more 'estimated' and less grounded in sources than Arad in 1987 on the number of victims of the Reinhard camps.
Try digesting this table and following the sourcing used by an internet poster who compiled a list of death tolls to address the arguments bandied around on the internet 25 years ago. The website author, Matthew White, went on to publish a book, Atrocitology, which stuck to the same secondary-tertiary sources level.
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/atrox.htm
The sheer uncertainties with often largely uninvestigated (in a war crimes investigation sense) mass fatalities and estimate ranges with other six and seven figure mass fatalities are one of many reasons why I can't take you guys seriously.